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Montage
Introduction
What is Montage?Montage is a term that is commonly hearable when a person touches this mediafield long. Montage is from a French term from world of cinema.
It is a technique in film editing in which a series ofshots are edited into a sequence regarding to time, space, and plot. There aretwo definitions that explain the word, montage: theproduction of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate anassociation of ideas; a composite picture made by combining several separatepictures.
Montage is found by SergeiEisenstein, Russian director who known as “Father of Montage”. His innovationhas influence the world and since 1930s it becomesthe most communication form that is used all the time in image and filmproductions. Some may even call it as “SovietMontage”, as Eisenstein was a Russian. He inspired it from still image tomovement and was argued that this can be considered as conflict of the filmmaking. Montagesequences often combined numerous shots with special visualeffects (ex: fades, dissolves, split screens, double and tripleexposures) dance and music, etc. from different angles to portray a story or acharacter without limitation of setting (time and place).
Why it is important?
Montage is one of the skills in editing a film. In nowadays, almostevery film is done by using the technique of montage. Even the title sequences ofa movie consist of some form of montage. A montage gets its power frompresenting diverse images to the audiences all at once, so the overallimpression is much richer than single image or element.
Nearly every modern nonlinear editing (NLE) program has excellentbuilt-in tools to build montages. Some of the most prominent of these are thecrop, matte, and scale functions. One can combine these and other effects with theediting software's layering functions and transparency effects to create astunning montage of images, video clips, graphics or even titles.
Methods of montage
There are mainly 5 methods of montages:
Metric: theediting follows a specific number of frames that is purely based on nature oftime, and cutting to the next shot disregard the evidence in that particular situation/image.(Sometimes it looks like skip stitch, because the screen changes rapidly withsome kind of repetition.) This is used to elicit theemotional reactions in the audience.
In the film, October, withinless than 3 seconds, it already show these screen for more than 5 times.
Rhythmic: more complex meanings than metric montage, it include with the mixtureof sound effect, music, dialogue, silence or even mute. Once the audio elementis introduced, it already uses the technique of rhythmic montage.
In the film, The BattleshipPotemkin’s “Odessa Steps”, the film from with sound to mute and show thedialog in black screen then back to the sound.
Tonal: uses the emotion ground’s angle instead of manipulating the length ofthe cuts or its rhythm characteristics. Compare to the previous two, tonalmontage uses similar or oxymoron images to elicit a reaction from the audience withan even higher level complexion. (A little bit similar to symbolic). For example:a sleeping baby shows calmness and relaxation; death of a human being impliessadness and frighten; children with laughter imply innocent and joyfulness.
In the film, The BattleshipPotemkin’s “Odessa Steps”, the film used sad music all the way, and shows thedeath of revolutionary sailor, Vakulinchuk.
Overtonal/Associational: this method is a combination of metric, rhythmic, and tonal montage tosynthesize the effect to the audience for an extra abstract and complicatedimpact.
In the film, Mother, the menare walking towards a confrontation at their factory, and later use ice as a resource for escape.
Intellectual: two or more clips are editing together to form a new implication.
In the film, Strike,a shot of striking workers being attacked connected with a shot of a bull being slaughtered creates a metaphor that suggest the workers are being treated like cattle. Yet this meaning does notexist in an individual shot but arises when they are juxtaposed.
Sample Films
Every movie in nowadays that we can watch on TV or cinema, none of it done withoutmontage. As long as it has been cut and paste, from one scene to another scene,it is montage already. Montage can eventually provoke the mood from audiencemore in terms touching, exciting, etc.
For instance, in the film The Matrix, thebullet scene, it was done by using metric montage, by putting many cameraaround the character and shoot it at once then combine together to become whatthe audiences see. Although the move may only last for about 1 second only, byediting, make it to last longer to become the character actually able to dodgefrom the bullet. This gives a very strong impression toward the audiences.
Moreover, in the music video also include the montagetechnique, such that in Michael Jackson’s SmoothCriminal, the MV start from sound effect of door close to mute, which liftup the expectation of the audiences (the heart raise up), then a quick soundfrom the move of Michael Jackson and the rest some touching guns for ready toshoot if Michael Jackson do anything. Then when he throw the coin, onlyslightly sound of the coin appear where else remain silent until the coin getinto the music machine and then the song SmoothCriminal start. Also in the middle of the MV, when Michael Jackson spin stopalong with the glass roof explored, then the music stop and changed (“Annie areyou okay?”), then the song SmoothCriminal back again.
Additionally, in the scene of the film Perhaps Love, when one of theprotagonist (acted by Jacky Cheung), he sang Fate and fall onto the ground anddeath; and scene which he sang the songPerhaps Love, these were use the technique of tonal montage. The scene ofthe fallen to the ground and dead with the song Fate makes the audience innerheart no long smooth; another scene with the song Perhaps Love, which sangsoftly with a bit of hopeless/ helpless that causes the audiences want to cryyet only with one drop of tear.
Consequently,montage has become major tool for editing world. No matter imply deep meaningor not, montage is what make a movie more meaningful, excited, fun, andtouching.
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Montage 蒙太奇
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